The quality of life of competitive and recreational Spanish surfers and para surfers

Abstract

Background: Physical exercise is known to enhance both physical and mental health. Surfing, an emerging water sport practiced in “blue space”, offers unique well-being benefits, including for individuals with disabilities through Para-Surfing. Methods: This study analyzed the Quality of Life (QoL) among 146 Spanish participants (126 Surfers and 20 ParaSurfers), comparing competitive and recreational modalities, reasons for engagement, and the relationship between sociodemographic factors, surf practice, and QoL. Results: Overall, participants reported high scores QoL. Despite the absence of discernible global disparities in Global QoL attributable to practice or surfing modality, Para-Surfers exhibited comparatively diminished QoL in the Physical Health and Level of Independence (PHLI) domain relative to Surfers. The predominant reasons for engaging in surfing activities among the study participants encompassed the enhancement of both mental and physical well-being, augmented personal autonomy, and the fulfillment derived from personal challenges. However, competitive Surfers and Para-Surfers were more likely to highlight performance and recognition as key motivators. Notably, recreational surfers who valued social connections reported higher QoL, unlike competitive surfers who placed less importance on these relationships. For Para-Surfers, equipment adaptation was significantly associated with better overall QoL, as well as improvements in psychological health and spirituality (PHS). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of aligning individual motivations with the type of surf practice to maximize QoL benefits. For Para-Surfers, access to safe, enjoyable, and adapted equipment is essential. Promoting surfing as a health-enhancing activity should consider both personal goals and structural support to optimize QoL outcomes.