https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/3 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 13:52:09 GMT 2026-04-23T13:52:09Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/862 Deposit or loan? (A Law-and-Economics Critique of Fractional-Reserve Banking, Fiduciary Media, and Systemic Risk) Martínez Meseguer, César This article advances a law-and-economics critique of fractional-reserve banking, focusing on the legal taxonomy of bank contracts and the risk externalities of maturity transformation. We argue that the conflation of custody-like deposits with mutuum loans blurs property-rights boundaries and weakens liability discipline. Drawing on Austrian monetary theory, we link fiduciary media and demandable debt to pro-cyclical liquidity, run dynamics and the amplification of systemic risk. We reassess the real-bills doctrine and “demand loans,” showing why they do not neutralise run risk in practice and may obscure solvency–liquidity interactions. We then outline institutional reforms – 100%-reserve custodial deposits and a strict functional separation between custody and intermediation – together with market-based loss allocation. The article concludes with regulatory implications for lender-of-last-resort, deposit insurance, and capital/liquidity regimes consistent with risk reduction and legal coherence. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/862 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/861 Centros deportivos, redes sociales y culto al cuerpo. Análisis de las percepciones éticas de los community manager Díaz Campo, Jesús; Feijoó Fernández, Beatriz En una sociedad en la que el aspecto físico y la imagen preocupan cada vez más y, al mismo tiempo, las redes sociales ocupan cada vez más tiempo en nuestras vidas, surge el fenómeno del culto al cuerpo, que se caracteriza por la búsqueda de la perfección corporal y genera, entre otras cosas, un aumento de la actividad física. Por ello, la estrategia que desarrollan en las redes sociales los centros deportivos y, en concreto, los aspectos éticos que entran en juego son especialmente relevantes. Esta investigación pretende ahondar en estas cuestiones a través de la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a los community manager (CM) de una muestra de centros deportivos. Los resultados muestran que diferencian claramente entre información y publicidad, que apenas recurren a promocionar marcas externas y que su objetivo principal es fidelizar, antes que generar ingresos directos. Asimismo, los CM de los centros deportivos españoles cuentan con un conocimiento y concienciación de las normas éticas y legales bastante alto y se preocupan sobre todo por los contenidos vetados, la advertencia de contenidos publicitarios o la protección de datos y la propia imagen, lo que supone una evolución positiva respecto a trabajos previos similares. Se concluye que es necesario establecer mecanismos y procesos que garanticen la transparencia en la publicidad de este tipo de contenidos.; In a society in which physical appearance and image are of increasing concern and, at the same time, social networks take up more and more time in our lives, the phenomenon of the cult of the body arises, which is characterized by the search for bodily perfection and generates, among other things, an increase in physical activity. For this reason, the strategy developed by sports centers on social networks and, specifically, the ethical aspects that come into play are especially relevant. This research aims to delve into these issues by conducting in-depth interviews with community managers (CMs) from a sample of sports centers. The results show that they clearly differentiate between information and advertising, that they hardly resort to promoting external brands, and that their main goal is to build loyalty rather than generate direct income. Likewise, the CMs of Spanish sports centers have a fairly high knowledge and awareness of ethical and legal standards and are mainly concerned with banned content, the warning of advertising content or data protection and their own image, which is a positive evolution compared to previous similar work. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish mechanisms and processes that guarantee transparency in the advertising of this type of content. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/861 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/860 The quality of life of competitive and recreational Spanish surfers and para surfers González Noriega, Mar; Cancela Vallespín, Ana; García-Naveira Vaamonde, Alejo; Ruiz-Barquín, Roberto Background: Physical exercise is known to enhance both physical and mental health. Surfing, an emerging water sport practiced in “blue space”, offers unique well-being benefits, including for individuals with disabilities through Para-Surfing. Methods: This study analyzed the Quality of Life (QoL) among 146 Spanish participants (126 Surfers and 20 ParaSurfers), comparing competitive and recreational modalities, reasons for engagement, and the relationship between sociodemographic factors, surf practice, and QoL. Results: Overall, participants reported high scores QoL. Despite the absence of discernible global disparities in Global QoL attributable to practice or surfing modality, Para-Surfers exhibited comparatively diminished QoL in the Physical Health and Level of Independence (PHLI) domain relative to Surfers. The predominant reasons for engaging in surfing activities among the study participants encompassed the enhancement of both mental and physical well-being, augmented personal autonomy, and the fulfillment derived from personal challenges. However, competitive Surfers and Para-Surfers were more likely to highlight performance and recognition as key motivators. Notably, recreational surfers who valued social connections reported higher QoL, unlike competitive surfers who placed less importance on these relationships. For Para-Surfers, equipment adaptation was significantly associated with better overall QoL, as well as improvements in psychological health and spirituality (PHS). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of aligning individual motivations with the type of surf practice to maximize QoL benefits. For Para-Surfers, access to safe, enjoyable, and adapted equipment is essential. Promoting surfing as a health-enhancing activity should consider both personal goals and structural support to optimize QoL outcomes. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/860 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/859 La Compañía de Jesús y el Opus Dei en el Madrid de la posguerra (1939-1940) García Ocón, Jorge En las relaciones entre diferentes asociaciones católicas en los años 40 en España, tuvo lugar un conflicto entre la Compañía de Jesús y el Opus Dei. El presente artículo analiza los hechos en torno a este tema en el contexto del Madrid de 1939 y 1940, coordenadas en que tuvo su origen el enfrentamiento. Por primera vez en el tratamiento de esta cuestión se aporta la perspectiva de los jesuitas implicados, a partir del análisis documental en el Archivo de la Provincia de España de la Compañía de Jesús (AESI-A).; In the relations between different Catholic associations in Spain in the 1940s, a conflict arose between the Society of Jesus and Opus Dei. This article analyses the events surrounding this issue in the context of Madrid in 1939 and 1940, the coordinates in which the confrontation originated. For the first time in the treatment of this issue, the perspective of the Jesuits involved is provided, based on the analysis of documents in the Historical Archive of the Spanish Province of the Society of Jesus (AESI-A). Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12766/859 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z